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The structure of plant cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole

Shows a plant cell as seen under the microscope.  Like an animal cell, a plant cell has cell membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus.  However, plant cell has also other strucures such as cell wall, chloroplasts and a large vacuole.

CELL WALL

Cell wall is present cytoplasm outisde the cell membrane of plant cell.  It is made up of chemical substance,calle cellulose.  It is rigid and thick as compared to cell membrane.  it supports plant cell and maintians its shape.

CHLOROPLAST

Numerous disc-like structures present in plat cell are call cholroplasts. Green matter known as chlorophyll is present in them.  Chlorophyll absorbs light enrgey from the Sun and uses it for making food through the process of photosyntehsis..

VACUOLE

A large vacuole is present in the center of cytoplasm.  The cytoplasm is pushed towards side due to this vacuole. 

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Centrioles are present near the nucleus (Centrosome and centrloles)

Two centrioles are present near the nucleus.  They are cylindrical in structure which lie close to each other in a region called centrosome.  Centrioles pay an important role in animal cell division. Nemerous small rounded bodies present in the cytoplasm are called vacuoles.  These store waste materials, water, air and food particles.

Nucleus

The most important and visible organelle of a cell is the nucleus.  Generally, it is rounded in shape and present in the center of the cell. It controls all the activities of teh cell.  Therefore, it is known as control center or brain of a cell.  A membrane, called unclear membrane, surrounds the nucleus. Small thread like structures, chromosomes, are found in the nucleus, which control the characteristics of living organisms.  Chromosomes are passed down from one generation to another and contain chemical material, DNA, which is responsible for heredity. 

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The parts of Animal (Structure of Animal Cell)

The parts of animals cell seen under microscope are given below:-

Cell Membrane 

Cell membrane is a thin membrane, which surrounds the cytoplasm. It controls the movement of material in and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm

Jell-like semi-transparent matter present inside the cell membrane is called cytoplasm.  It contains water and other chemical compounds.  Most of the chemical reactions take place in cytoplasm.  Many different kinds of small bodies organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Among these organelles we will only study here centro some with cent riles and vacuole.  

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Cell - Unit of Life

You have observed that bricks, cement and iron rods are used for construction of a house is used for holding them together, therefore, we can say that bricks is the basic unit for construction of house.

Have you ever thought which is the basis unit of body of living thing? Cell is the basic unit of all living things.  It means that cells play basic role in buildings the body of living things.  Some living things only one cell, while others are composed of many cells. Cells perform many function for which they remain alive.  Most of the living things are made up of different types of cells.  These cells differ in size and shape.  However, many characteristics are common to all types of cells.

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Compound Microscope Lenses of different powers are used

Microscope is an instrument which is used to observe very small things that cannot be seen with naked eye.  The microscope that is generally used in school is called compound microscope.

Lenses of different powers are used in a compound microscope.  The lens through which we observe is called eye piece and the lens near the object to be seen is called objective lens.  The glass slide with material on it is  place on the stage.  Light is reflected towards the slide through mirror which is located below the stage.  Two screws are adjusted to focus the objects to view them clearly.  Which of these is the basic unit for structure?. The wall is constructed by placing bricks one upon the other and cement.

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However Plants differ from animals between characteristics of plants and animals

We have already studied that living things are divided into two main groups, that is plants and animals. Both these groups possess all the basic features of living things.  However, plants differ from animals in many respects which are as follows.

1. Movement

Animals, whether as big as an elephant, or as small as an ant, terrestrial or aquatic, move about freely from one place to another.  This movement is call locomotion.  On the other hand plants cannot change their position.  Though branches, roots and other parts of plant show different movement, but the plant as a whole remains fixed to a place throughout its life, after its emergence from the seed.

2. Growth

Visit your school garden with your teacher and observe different plants.  You will notice some new branches and a young leaves growing from the tips and new buds forming at the ends of new branches.  Similarly when you observe roots of a seeding your will see the roots growing at their tips.  Thus growth is a continuous process in the plants in which plants grow at their shoot tips and roots tips.

On the other hand growth occurs proportionally in all body parts of an animals and stops after a certain period.

3. Spread

When you look at plants you will notice that they have spreading bodies, their branches grow from the tips and spread in such a way that they occupy a large surface area.  Animals on the other hand have fat and squat bodies as their growth is proportional in different body parts, therefore they occupy less space growth is proportional in different body parts, therefore they occupy less space.

4. Nutrition

The basic difference between plants and animals lies in their mode of nutrition.  Plants can prepare their own food by process called photosynthesis.  This food is then utilized according to their need.

Photosynthesis is not possible in animals and hence they cannot prepare their food.  So they depend, for their food, on plants. Some animals eat plants as fodder, for example, cow, buffalo, goat etc.  Some birds, for example a sparrow, a parrot. eat fruit and seeds, while others eat flesh of other animals.  Man acquires his food from vegetables, cereals, fruits as well as meat.

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All living things excrete harmful and unwanted wastes from their body (Excretion)

Many chemical process are going on in living body.  Along with energy and useful substances, many wastes, harmful and surplus substances such as urine, faces and carbon dioxide are also produced as a result of these                         processes.  These substances must be removed, as they are extremely harmful if they remain in the body.  The removal of wastes and surplus materials from the body is called excretion. Plants also excrete certain wastes and gases. 

Have you ever seen any excessive and harmful wastes being excreted by non-living things.  All living things excrete harmful and unwanted wastes from their body, but non-living things do not.

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All living things respire of live but non-living things do not, Respiration

All living things respire.  They cannot live without respiration because it is a vital process.  During this process air is taken into the lungs the nose and expelled through the month.

The oxygen in the air is carried by blood to each and every cell in the body where it combines chemically with the digested food.  As a result of this process energy and carbon dioxide are produced.  The energy thus released is utilized to perform different activities, for example work, motion,growth etc.

The process of respiration is very conspicuous in animals if you put your hand on your chest you can feel your chest heaving during breathing.  Plants also respire but you cannot see them respiring.  Very small pores called stomata are present on the under surface of leaves. It is through these pores that exchange of gases takes place in the plants.

Now look at the non-living things present around you. Do they breathe?.

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Obtain their foods from Plants and Animals only Nutrition

Can we live without food? All living things need food to live and grow.  Food provides energy to the living beings to perform various activities of life.

Gog has blessed the plants with a unique property.  They can prepare their own food by a process called photosynthesis; whereas human beings and animals cannot do this.  They obtain their food from plants and animals.

Now; observe different things in your classroom, for example, a chair or a table; What do you conclude?
All animals and plants need food to live grow and perform various activities of life but non-living things do not need food.

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Let us study living things need food to growth (Growth Plants and Animals)

Take a pot with a few seedlings and select any one of them.  Note the length of the stem of the selected seedling.  Keep the pot in a well lighted place and water seedling daily.  Observe the seedling and note its length in the given table every second day.  What your observations?. Has the seedling grown in size or has its size remained the same? What do you conclude?

We know that all the plants and animals are very small in size at the time of their birth.  With the passage of time their size increases.  This is called growth. Living things need food to grow.

Let us study the process of growth in animals. Most of you have pet animals, for example, a parrot, a dog, a cow or a hen.  You must seen small chicks running about with the mother hen. Have you observed them growing? We must remember that growth is a permanent process and the changes which occur during growth are permanent.

On the other hand, non-living things do not increase in size that is they do not show growth.  What have you concluded from these examples. (All living things grow but non-living things do not grow).

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Now look at the Movement of Living things

Look around! what do you see? you can see birds flying, fish swimming and different animals moving from from one place to another on their own.  Similarly when you move, sit,lie down or turn about, you are performaing some kind of movement.

Now look at the plants. Do you see plants moving from one place to another on their own?. Plants cannot move as a whole from one places to another, but some of their parts can move.  For example the roots of plants move towards water and branches move towards light. Now, look at the non-living things around yourself. Does chair move by itself.? Does a stone lying along the roadside move on its own.  What do you conclude from this?.

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The All Summary of Moon and Sun Topic with American Astronauts

1.   The average distance of the Moon from the Earth is 384400 kilometers and it completes its one rotation      
      around the Earth about 29.5 days.
2.   The Moon revolves around the Earth is an elliptical orbit and its direction of rotation is anti-clockwise.
3.   Only one side of the Moon is alway seen from the Earth.
4.   Moon does not have its own light.  When sunlight is reflected by its surface, the Moon appears to be
     shininng.

5.   The shape of the first day moon resembles with a thin sikle.  It is called new Moon or Hilal.
6.   Neither air atomsphere nor any water is present on the surfcae of the Moon.  Therefore, there is not
      chance of life on it.
7.   When earth comes in between the Moon and the Sun, then lunar eclipse takes place and instead of  
       looking brigth,  the Moon starts looking dark.
8.   When Moon comes in between the Earth and the Sun, then solar eclipse takes place.  The Sun hides
       behind the Moon and is not seen from teh Eart.

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The American astonauts were landing on the Moon with the help of Apalo-II (Concquering the Moon)

During the decade of 1950, man started efforts to explore space by rockets.  In this regard, a race was started between America and Russia Yuri Gagrian, a Russian astonauts, was the first man to reach the space.

Moon. On that particular day, the American astronauts were landing on the Moon with the help of Apalo-II. Their landing on the Moon was telecated live throughout the world (18.8).

Neil Armstrong, an American astonaut was the firs man who stepped on the Moon.  Then his fellow astronaut Advin Aldrin also stepped on the Moon.  When Neil Armstrong put his first step on the Moon, he spoke the following historical words, "That's one small step of man one giant leap for mankind:.

These two astronauts collected some stones and soil samples ect, from the surface of the Moon.  These samples were brought to the Earth and analysed.  A lot of new information were obtained from the result of their analysis.

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Moon comes in between the Earth and the Sun a big happen (Solar Eclipse)

Have you ever thought what happnes when Moon comes in between the Earth and the Sun during its rotation?. We know that Sun is luminous object whereas Moon is not luminous and reflectes the light of the Sun. Therefore, when the Moon happens to come in between the Earth and the Sun during its rotation such that all the three objects lie on the same stragith line, the Sun hides itself behind the Moon and it cannot be seen from the Earth. Hence, dark side of the Moon is seen in place of the Sun.  It is called solar eclipse.

Moon is much smaller than the earth. Therefore, it casts its shadow on a small part of the Earth.  The width of the belt where the complete solar ecplise can be seen is never more than 267 killometers.  The area from where partial or incompleted solar eclipse can be seen extends on both sides of this belt from 3200 to 4000 kilometers. Solar ecpliseis seen at those placesonly where this shadow is falling.  In Fig.18.6 complete and partial solar ecplise havebeen shown.

Tidbits.

Unlike lunar eclipse, solar eclipse is rarly seen.  The only reason for this is that the lenght of the shadow of theMoon is 371200 kilometers and often it fails to reach the Earth.  The solar eclipse takes place only when the Sun, the Moon and the Earth lie on the same straight line and the distance of Moon from the Earth is less than371200 kilometers.

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Earth obstructs the parth of sunlight (Lunar Eclipse)

While revolving around the Earth, the Moon moves in such a way that sometimes the Earth comes in between the Sun and the Moon.  In this condition the Earth does not allow the sunlight to reach the Moon. As the Moon does not have its own light but looks shining by reflecting the light of the Sun, therefore, when the Earth obstructs the path of sunlight, then instead of looking bringht the Moon starts looking dark. It is called lunar celipse.

Lunar eclipse can be eithter complete or partial.  Complete lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon comies completely under the shadow of the Earth. Partial lunar eclipse takes place when some part of the Moon reflects the light of the Sun and rest of its portion is under the shadow of the Earth.

Activity Example

Suspended a football and a tennis ball by means of chords in front of a table lamp according to Fig. 18.5. Switch on the table lamp and observe the shadow of the football on the tennis ball.

Has the shadow of the football covered the whole tennis ball? Considering tennis ball as Moon, football as Earth and lamp as Sun, explain the lunar eclipse through this model.

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The astronauts who landed on the Moon (A Waterless and Air Free Sphere)

Moon is fifty time smaller than the Earth with respect to volume and the diameter of the Moon is a bit larger than one-fourth of thediameter of the Earth.  That is six times less than that of the Earth.  This is the reason that there is no air atomsphere around the Moon.  The astronauts who landed on the Moon have verified that neither the air atomsphere nor the water is present on the Moon.  As a result, there is no weather on the Moon.  Therefore, the existence of any kind of life is not possible on the Moon.

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Every people seen the Moon of Ramazan and Eid-Ul-Fitre (The Ebb and Flow of the Moon)

People are very keen to seen the Moon of Ramazan and Eid-Ul-Fitre.  It is the Moon of the first day. Can your describe its shape? Do the shapes at the end of first week and fortnightly Moon are similar to that of first day Moon? Does the shape of the Moon, in the sky, always look the same. One observing the shape of the Moon every night, we come to know that the shape of the Moon changes every night. The Moon of first day is so thin that it is very hard to see it. Its shpae resembles the sickle. It is called new Moon or "Hillal".

The ebb and flow (increase and decrease) of the Moon is actually due to its rotation around the earth.  As you know, Moon reflects the light of the Sun.  when the sunlight falls on that part of the Moon, which is opposite to the earth, then we cannot see it.  We see dim light of the Sun on the edge of the first day Moon. This is called new Moon or Hillal. In Fig.18.2, it has been shown at position number one. Similarly when Moon reaches the fifth position after passing through position number 2,3 and 4 during its rotation around the earth, its size gradually increases from the new Moon to the full Moon.  Then it gradually decreases and finally disappears.  In this way, the Moon completes its one cycle around the Earth.  The rotation of Moon arround the Earth has been shown if Fig.18.2.

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Moon revolves around the earth in an elliptical orbit and its rotation

The average distance of Moon from the Earth is 384400 kilometers.  You can have a better idea of this distance in this that ifa person goes around the earth,  then after having nine and half rounds, he will cover a distance equal to the distance between Moon and the Earth.  The moon is smaller in size than the earth.  The diameter of the Moon is 3480 kilometers and its mass is 81 times less than the earth. Moon revolves around the earth with twenty four hours in an elliptical orbit and its rotation is anticlockwise.  Moon  takes about 27.3 days in completing its one rotation arround the earth. As the Earth is also in motion, hence, it appears to us that Moon completes its rotation in about 29.5 days.

Moon,like earth also revolves about its own axis but its spin motion is comparatively slow.  The time duration in which it completes its one rotation around the earth is the same as that taken by it to complete its spin rotation.  Tha is why, only one side of the Moon alway remains towards the earth.  The other side of the Moon cannot be seen from the earth. Your will be surprised to know that Moon does not have its own light.  It looks bright only because of thereflection of the sunlight from its surface.  As the relfected light is not visible during daytime, therefore, we cannot see the Moon.  On the other hand onlyat night, we can easily see the Moon due to darkness in the sky.

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Natural Satellite of the earth is the only of the Moon

The brightest looking object, on the sky apart from the sun is moon. Every night we see the moon almost in its new shape on the sky.  Somtimes it looks as new Moon and somtimes as full Moon.  Among the astrononmical object Moon is nearest to the earth.

Tidbits

 There are nine planets in our solar system.  Only two of them i.e Mercury and verius have no Moons.  Others have one or more thatn one Moons. Our earth has only one Moon whereas Mars has two and Jupiter has sixteen Moons.

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