All living things respire of live but non-living things do not, Respiration

All living things respire.  They cannot live without respiration because it is a vital process.  During this process air is taken into the lungs the nose and expelled through the month.

The oxygen in the air is carried by blood to each and every cell in the body where it combines chemically with the digested food.  As a result of this process energy and carbon dioxide are produced.  The energy thus released is utilized to perform different activities, for example work, motion,growth etc.

The process of respiration is very conspicuous in animals if you put your hand on your chest you can feel your chest heaving during breathing.  Plants also respire but you cannot see them respiring.  Very small pores called stomata are present on the under surface of leaves. It is through these pores that exchange of gases takes place in the plants.

Now look at the non-living things present around you. Do they breathe?.

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Obtain their foods from Plants and Animals only Nutrition

Can we live without food? All living things need food to live and grow.  Food provides energy to the living beings to perform various activities of life.

Gog has blessed the plants with a unique property.  They can prepare their own food by a process called photosynthesis; whereas human beings and animals cannot do this.  They obtain their food from plants and animals.

Now; observe different things in your classroom, for example, a chair or a table; What do you conclude?
All animals and plants need food to live grow and perform various activities of life but non-living things do not need food.

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Let us study living things need food to growth (Growth Plants and Animals)

Take a pot with a few seedlings and select any one of them.  Note the length of the stem of the selected seedling.  Keep the pot in a well lighted place and water seedling daily.  Observe the seedling and note its length in the given table every second day.  What your observations?. Has the seedling grown in size or has its size remained the same? What do you conclude?

We know that all the plants and animals are very small in size at the time of their birth.  With the passage of time their size increases.  This is called growth. Living things need food to grow.

Let us study the process of growth in animals. Most of you have pet animals, for example, a parrot, a dog, a cow or a hen.  You must seen small chicks running about with the mother hen. Have you observed them growing? We must remember that growth is a permanent process and the changes which occur during growth are permanent.

On the other hand, non-living things do not increase in size that is they do not show growth.  What have you concluded from these examples. (All living things grow but non-living things do not grow).

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Now look at the Movement of Living things

Look around! what do you see? you can see birds flying, fish swimming and different animals moving from from one place to another on their own.  Similarly when you move, sit,lie down or turn about, you are performaing some kind of movement.

Now look at the plants. Do you see plants moving from one place to another on their own?. Plants cannot move as a whole from one places to another, but some of their parts can move.  For example the roots of plants move towards water and branches move towards light. Now, look at the non-living things around yourself. Does chair move by itself.? Does a stone lying along the roadside move on its own.  What do you conclude from this?.

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iPhone 5 pre-orders on high Apple shares new at close

New Apple's shares closed at a record high of almost $700 as the firms received two million pre-orders for its newly unveiled iPhone 5. Apple shares ended $8.50 higher at $699.78, a gain of 1.23 percent on the day.  Its shares have risen more than 70 percent since the start of the year. "The customer response has been phenomenal", said Philit Schiller from Apple. 

The previous record for pre-orders was for the iPhone4S, which got one million in teh first 24 hourrs, compared with the relatively modest 600,000 pre-orders for the iPhone4. Sales of iPhones are crucial to Apple's fortunes, accounting for more than half of its total net sales, according to the firm's most recent earning report.  Some analysis estimate that Apple could sell up to 50-60 million iPhone 5 units by the end of the year.  However, concerns have been expressed as to whether Apple will be able to meet the demand in the coming months, delaying the delivery of handsets.

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New "Super Slim" PlayStation 3 Sony Reveiws

According to Ars Tecnica, Sony unveiled the first major redesing for the PlayStation 3 hardware at a pre-tokyo Game Show press conference. It's an even thinner "Super Slim" console (since 2009's "Slim" model) that the company says is 20% lighter and about 25% smaller than the current system.  SWhile functionally ins identical to previous PlayStation3 systems, the Super Slim design wighs just about 2.1kg less than half the weight of the original, and measures approximately 11.4"x2.3"x9" at its widest points. The power supply on the new unit has been reduced to 190W, down from 250w on the recent slim models, though it's unclear how much of that power capacity it will actually use while running (previous Slim units tended to run only 120 to 140 watts when playing a game for you new technology)

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Apple Unveils iPhone 5, new iPods touch screen and accessories

Last month, Apple announced the latest version of the IPhone, dubbed the IPhone.CNN reports that teh iPhone 5 looks similar to previous models but has a larger 4-inch screen (compared to the 3.5-inch screen on previous version), it is 18 percent thinner and 20 percent lighter than the iPhone 4s, and is powered by Apple's latest mobile operating system, iOS6.  The phone also comes with a new, faster A6 [rpcesspr, which connectss to mobile carriers with a 4G LTE connection, making for speedier internet browsing. 

It Just screams said Apple marketing Chief Phil Schiller, while introducing the device. The new iPone somes with a different-sized carging cord known as lightning and says it is 80 percent smaller than the previous iPhone cord.  Apple also unveiled a new line of iPods, including an iPod  Nano with a 2.5-Inch touch screen, and a redesigned iPod touch with a 4-inch display.  Apple also redesigned its headphones, which are now called Earpods, with better audio quality and a new look for your free enjoyment.

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The Fengyun 2-D in 2006 China Launches Third Fengyun-2 Series Weather Satellite

China has successfully orbited its thir meteorological satellite, the Fengyun-2-06, the country's central Television CCTV reported. The satellite was launched from the Xichang Satellited Launch Center,in southwest china at 08.54 A.M local time (00:54 a.m GMT) on board a chang zheng-3A carrier rocket.  The Fengyun-2-06 weaterh satellite will collect meteorological data from the previously orbited satellites and replace its outdated predecessor, the Fengyun-2-C, orbited in 2004 China launched its second weather satellite, the Fengyun 2-D in 2006. China uses the data from its meteorological satellites to compile weather forecasts and for emergency monitoring.

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The All Summary of Moon and Sun Topic with American Astronauts

1.   The average distance of the Moon from the Earth is 384400 kilometers and it completes its one rotation      
      around the Earth about 29.5 days.
2.   The Moon revolves around the Earth is an elliptical orbit and its direction of rotation is anti-clockwise.
3.   Only one side of the Moon is alway seen from the Earth.
4.   Moon does not have its own light.  When sunlight is reflected by its surface, the Moon appears to be
     shininng.

5.   The shape of the first day moon resembles with a thin sikle.  It is called new Moon or Hilal.
6.   Neither air atomsphere nor any water is present on the surfcae of the Moon.  Therefore, there is not
      chance of life on it.
7.   When earth comes in between the Moon and the Sun, then lunar eclipse takes place and instead of  
       looking brigth,  the Moon starts looking dark.
8.   When Moon comes in between the Earth and the Sun, then solar eclipse takes place.  The Sun hides
       behind the Moon and is not seen from teh Eart.

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The American astonauts were landing on the Moon with the help of Apalo-II (Concquering the Moon)

During the decade of 1950, man started efforts to explore space by rockets.  In this regard, a race was started between America and Russia Yuri Gagrian, a Russian astonauts, was the first man to reach the space.

Moon. On that particular day, the American astronauts were landing on the Moon with the help of Apalo-II. Their landing on the Moon was telecated live throughout the world (18.8).

Neil Armstrong, an American astonaut was the firs man who stepped on the Moon.  Then his fellow astronaut Advin Aldrin also stepped on the Moon.  When Neil Armstrong put his first step on the Moon, he spoke the following historical words, "That's one small step of man one giant leap for mankind:.

These two astronauts collected some stones and soil samples ect, from the surface of the Moon.  These samples were brought to the Earth and analysed.  A lot of new information were obtained from the result of their analysis.

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Moon comes in between the Earth and the Sun a big happen (Solar Eclipse)

Have you ever thought what happnes when Moon comes in between the Earth and the Sun during its rotation?. We know that Sun is luminous object whereas Moon is not luminous and reflectes the light of the Sun. Therefore, when the Moon happens to come in between the Earth and the Sun during its rotation such that all the three objects lie on the same stragith line, the Sun hides itself behind the Moon and it cannot be seen from the Earth. Hence, dark side of the Moon is seen in place of the Sun.  It is called solar eclipse.

Moon is much smaller than the earth. Therefore, it casts its shadow on a small part of the Earth.  The width of the belt where the complete solar ecplise can be seen is never more than 267 killometers.  The area from where partial or incompleted solar eclipse can be seen extends on both sides of this belt from 3200 to 4000 kilometers. Solar ecpliseis seen at those placesonly where this shadow is falling.  In Fig.18.6 complete and partial solar ecplise havebeen shown.

Tidbits.

Unlike lunar eclipse, solar eclipse is rarly seen.  The only reason for this is that the lenght of the shadow of theMoon is 371200 kilometers and often it fails to reach the Earth.  The solar eclipse takes place only when the Sun, the Moon and the Earth lie on the same straight line and the distance of Moon from the Earth is less than371200 kilometers.

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Earth obstructs the parth of sunlight (Lunar Eclipse)

While revolving around the Earth, the Moon moves in such a way that sometimes the Earth comes in between the Sun and the Moon.  In this condition the Earth does not allow the sunlight to reach the Moon. As the Moon does not have its own light but looks shining by reflecting the light of the Sun, therefore, when the Earth obstructs the path of sunlight, then instead of looking bringht the Moon starts looking dark. It is called lunar celipse.

Lunar eclipse can be eithter complete or partial.  Complete lunar eclipse occurs when the Moon comies completely under the shadow of the Earth. Partial lunar eclipse takes place when some part of the Moon reflects the light of the Sun and rest of its portion is under the shadow of the Earth.

Activity Example

Suspended a football and a tennis ball by means of chords in front of a table lamp according to Fig. 18.5. Switch on the table lamp and observe the shadow of the football on the tennis ball.

Has the shadow of the football covered the whole tennis ball? Considering tennis ball as Moon, football as Earth and lamp as Sun, explain the lunar eclipse through this model.

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The astronauts who landed on the Moon (A Waterless and Air Free Sphere)

Moon is fifty time smaller than the Earth with respect to volume and the diameter of the Moon is a bit larger than one-fourth of thediameter of the Earth.  That is six times less than that of the Earth.  This is the reason that there is no air atomsphere around the Moon.  The astronauts who landed on the Moon have verified that neither the air atomsphere nor the water is present on the Moon.  As a result, there is no weather on the Moon.  Therefore, the existence of any kind of life is not possible on the Moon.

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Every people seen the Moon of Ramazan and Eid-Ul-Fitre (The Ebb and Flow of the Moon)

People are very keen to seen the Moon of Ramazan and Eid-Ul-Fitre.  It is the Moon of the first day. Can your describe its shape? Do the shapes at the end of first week and fortnightly Moon are similar to that of first day Moon? Does the shape of the Moon, in the sky, always look the same. One observing the shape of the Moon every night, we come to know that the shape of the Moon changes every night. The Moon of first day is so thin that it is very hard to see it. Its shpae resembles the sickle. It is called new Moon or "Hillal".

The ebb and flow (increase and decrease) of the Moon is actually due to its rotation around the earth.  As you know, Moon reflects the light of the Sun.  when the sunlight falls on that part of the Moon, which is opposite to the earth, then we cannot see it.  We see dim light of the Sun on the edge of the first day Moon. This is called new Moon or Hillal. In Fig.18.2, it has been shown at position number one. Similarly when Moon reaches the fifth position after passing through position number 2,3 and 4 during its rotation around the earth, its size gradually increases from the new Moon to the full Moon.  Then it gradually decreases and finally disappears.  In this way, the Moon completes its one cycle around the Earth.  The rotation of Moon arround the Earth has been shown if Fig.18.2.

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Moon revolves around the earth in an elliptical orbit and its rotation

The average distance of Moon from the Earth is 384400 kilometers.  You can have a better idea of this distance in this that ifa person goes around the earth,  then after having nine and half rounds, he will cover a distance equal to the distance between Moon and the Earth.  The moon is smaller in size than the earth.  The diameter of the Moon is 3480 kilometers and its mass is 81 times less than the earth. Moon revolves around the earth with twenty four hours in an elliptical orbit and its rotation is anticlockwise.  Moon  takes about 27.3 days in completing its one rotation arround the earth. As the Earth is also in motion, hence, it appears to us that Moon completes its rotation in about 29.5 days.

Moon,like earth also revolves about its own axis but its spin motion is comparatively slow.  The time duration in which it completes its one rotation around the earth is the same as that taken by it to complete its spin rotation.  Tha is why, only one side of the Moon alway remains towards the earth.  The other side of the Moon cannot be seen from the earth. Your will be surprised to know that Moon does not have its own light.  It looks bright only because of thereflection of the sunlight from its surface.  As the relfected light is not visible during daytime, therefore, we cannot see the Moon.  On the other hand onlyat night, we can easily see the Moon due to darkness in the sky.

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Natural Satellite of the earth is the only of the Moon

The brightest looking object, on the sky apart from the sun is moon. Every night we see the moon almost in its new shape on the sky.  Somtimes it looks as new Moon and somtimes as full Moon.  Among the astrononmical object Moon is nearest to the earth.

Tidbits

 There are nine planets in our solar system.  Only two of them i.e Mercury and verius have no Moons.  Others have one or more thatn one Moons. Our earth has only one Moon whereas Mars has two and Jupiter has sixteen Moons.

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Sports and Games likes for everyone and enjoy it.

Sports and games are very important for the body and the mind.  Those who paly games regulary, remaiin fit.  if the body is not use, it becomes weak. Sports make the body and muscles strong.  Cricket, Football, Hockey, Sweimming and badminton are populare sports in the world.

One can also play indoor games like table tenis, ludo etc.  Games discipline the body and the mind. Most sports are group activities.  The players have to cooperate with their team-mates, and play according to the rules of teh game.  Those who play games learn this and become active om;o;fe. Sports and games provide recreation.  They are played for pleasure. After playing a game, one feels relaxed. They refresh us and give us energy.  They help us forget our worries.  Life is very busy nowadays.  If one wants to live healthy and long life, one should spare time for sports.

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The legend Quaid-e-Azam of Pakistan, the thought of our Great Freedom Fighter

 

 Every country has flag, which is its symbol.  The People respect and love their flag. We are Pakistanies. Pakistan is or dear homeland.  It has a beautiful national flag.  Its colour is green and white.  The green part is large and the white part is small.  The green colour stands for the Muslims in Pakistan.  The white colour represents the non-Muslims in Pakistan.  The white colour represents the non-Muslims.  There are also a cresent and a star on our flag.

Our flag stands for the unity of the people.  It is hoisted on all important buildings.  On special days, it is hoisted by improtant persons.  We decorate our houses with the national flag and buntings on August, 14 every year.  The whole country looks beautiful on this day.  Some people fix the national flag on their motorbikes and cars, etc.  It shows their love for their national flag and their country. Every Pakistani loves the nationla flag.  We are ready to die for its glory.  We are proud of our national flag.  May ALLAH keep it flying foreve! Ameen.

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